*Result*: Measures to Assess Efficacy of Family-Based Programs for Indigenous Populations: Adaptation, Psychometric Properties, and Congruence.
Title:
Measures to Assess Efficacy of Family-Based Programs for Indigenous Populations: Adaptation, Psychometric Properties, and Congruence.
Authors:
Waterman EA; Bennington College, Bennington, Vermont, USA., Wheeler L; Univeristy of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA., Edwards KM; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA., Herrington R; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA., Mullet N; Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA., Hopfauf S; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Source:
Family process [Fam Process] 2026 Mar; Vol. 65 (1), pp. e70118.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Family Process Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0400666 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1545-5300 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00147370 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Fam Process Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Publication: New York, NY : Family Process
Original Publication: Baltimore [etc.]
Original Publication: Baltimore [etc.]
MeSH Terms:
References:
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Ayers, S. L., S. Kulis, and M. Tsethlikai. 2017. “Assessing Parenting and Family Functioning Measures for Urban American Indians.” Journal of Community Psychology 45: 230–249.
Ayoub, M. 2022. “Colonial Adversity and Decolonial Wisdom: Radical Resurgence With Indigenous Youth.” Post‐Traumatic Growth to Psychological Well‐Being 30: 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21844.
Banyard, V., K. M. Edwards, L. Jones, and K. Mitchell. 2020. “Poly‐Strengths and Peer Violence Perpetration: What Strengths Can Add to Risk Factor Analyses.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49: 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964‐020‐01197‐y.
Bowen, N. K. 2021. “Requesting and Using Modification Indices in Mplus.” https://u.osu.edu/nkbowen/nkbowen/structural‐equation‐modeling‐and‐mplus/.
Brook, J., T. P. McDonald, and Y. Yan. 2012. “An Analysis of the Impact of the Strengthening Families Program on Family Reunification in Child Welfare.” Children and Youth Services Review 34: 691–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.12.018.
Carron, R. 2020. “Health Disparities in American Indians/Alaska Natives: Implications for Nurse Practitioners.” Nurse Practitioner 45: 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NPR.0000666188.79797.a7.
Coatsworth, J. D., L. G. Duncan, R. L. Nix, et al. 2015. “Integrating Mindfulness With Parent Training: Effects of the Mindfulness‐Enhanced Strengthening Families Program.” Developmental Psychology 51: 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038212.
Cohen, J. 1992. “Quantitative Methods in Psychology: A Power Primer.” Psychological Bulletin 112: 1155–1159.
Cortina, J. M. 1993. “What Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications.” Journal of Applied Psychology 78: 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021‐9010.78.1.98.
Crespo, C., P. E. Jose, M. Kielpikowski, and J. Pryor. 2013. ““On Solid Ground”: Family and School Connectedness Promotes Adolescents' Future Orientation.” Journal of Adolescence 36: 993–1002.
De Los Reyes, A., K. L. Goodman, W. Kliewer, and K. Reid‐Quinones. 2010. “The Longitudinal Consistency of Mother–Child Reporting Discrepancies of Parental Monitoring and Their Ability to Predict Child Delinquent Behaviors Two Years Later.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39: 1417–1430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964‐009‐9496‐7.
Deng, S., V. Lopez, M. W. Roosa, et al. 2006. “Family Processes Mediating the Relationship of Neighborhood Disadvantage to Early Adolescent Internalizing Problems.” Journal of Early Adolescence 26: 206–231.
Dumka, L. E., N. A. Gonzales, D. D. Bonds, and R. E. Millsap. 2009. “Academic Success of Mexican Origin Adolescent Boys and Girls: The Role of Mothers' and Fathers' Parenting and Cultural Orientation.” Sex Roles 60: 588–599.
Education Development Center. 2018. Measuring Cultural Factors Associated With Substance Misuse and Mental Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies.
Edwards, K. M., L. Siller, L. A. Wheeler, et al. 2021. “Effectiveness of a Sexual Assault Self‐Defense Program for American Indian Girls.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37: NP13245–NP13267.
Edwards, K. M., E. A. Waterman, L. Wheeler, et al. 2024. “Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences in a Sample of Largely Indigenous Children.” Pediatrics Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023‐065412.
Ehrlich, K. B., J. Cassidy, and M. J. Dykas. 2011. “Reporter Discrepancies Among Parents, Adolescents, and Peers: Adolescent Attachment and Informant Depressive Symptoms as Explanatory Factors.” Child Development 82: 999–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐8624.2010.01530.x.
Figueroa Huencho, V., C. L. Fernández, M. M. Hizaut, and J. R. Sanhueza. 2020. “Implementation Challenges in Public Policies Towards Indigenous Peoples: The Impact of Health Policies in Urban Contexts.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 41: 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2020.1779201.
Germán, M., N. A. Gonzales, S. G. West, and L. A. Wheeler. 2017. “An Experimental Test of the Bridges to High School Intervention on Harsh Parenting and Early Age Intercourse Among Mexican American Adolescents.” Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 23: 362–372.
Gonzales, N. A., L. E. Dumka, R. E. Millsap, et al. 2012. “Randomized Trial of a Broad Preventive Intervention for Mexican American Adolescents.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80: 1–16.
Gunzler, D. D., and N. Morris. 2015. “A Tutorial on Structural Equation Modeling for Analysis of Overlapping Symptoms in Co‐Occurring Conditions Using MPlus.” Statistics in Medicine 34: 3246–3280. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6541.
Hamby, S., E. Taylor, A. Smith, and Z. Blount. 2018. Resilience Portfolio Questionnaire Manual: Scales for Youth. Life Paths Research Center.
Haroz, E. E., J. D. Ivanich, A. Barlow, et al. 2022. “Balancing Cultural Specificity and Generalizability: Brief Qualitative Methods for Selecting, Adapting, and Developing Measures for Research With American Indian Communities.” Psychological Assessment 34: 311–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001092.
Hawk Wing, P. 2022. Personal Communication, Lakota Elder and Spiritual Leader (Traditional Knowledge Keeper).
Hou, Y., A. D. Benner, S. Y. Kim, et al. 2019. “Discordance in Parents; and Adolescents' Reports of Parenting: A Meta‐Analysis and Qualitative Review.” American Psychologist 75: 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000463.
Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6: 1–55.
Institute of Medicine. 2013. Leveraging Culture to Address Health Inequalities: Examples From Native Communities: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press.
Iron Cloud Two Dogs, E. 2022. Personal Communication, Lakota Elder and Spiritual Leader (Traditional Knowledge Keeper).
Ivanich, J., A. C. Mousseau, M. Walls, L. Whitbeck, and N. R. Whitesell. 2020. “Pathways of Adaptation: Two Case Studies With One Evidence‐Based Substance Use Prevention Program Tailored for Indigenous Youth.” Prevention Science 21, no. S1: 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121‐018‐0914‐5.
Kaufman, E. A., M. Xia, G. Fosco, M. Yaptangco, C. R. Skidmore, and S. E. Crowell. 2016. “The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS‐SF): Validation and Replication in Adolescent and Adult Samples.” Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 38: 443–455.
Kerr, M. E., and M. Bowen. 1988. Family Evaluation: An Approach Based on Bowen Theory. W.W. Norton & Co.
Knight, G. P., M. W. Roosa, and A. J. Umaña‐Taylor. 2009. “Studying Ethnic Minority and Economically Disadvantaged Populations: Methodological Challenges and Best Practices.” American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11887‐000.
Korelitz, K. E., and J. Garber. 2016. “Congruence of Parents' and Children's Perceptions of Parenting: A Meta‐Analysis.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 45: 1973–1995.
Kulis, S. S., S. L. Ayers, M. L. Harthun, and J. Jager. 2016. “Parenting in 2 Worlds: Effects of a Culturally Adapted Intervention for Urban American Indians on Parenting Skills and Family Functioning.” Prevention Science 17: 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121‐016‐0657‐0.
Kumpfer, K. L., R. Alvarado, P. Smith, and N. Bellamy. 2002. “Cultural Sensitivity and Adaptation in Family‐Based Prevention Interventions.” Prevention Science 3, no. 3: 241–246.
Loeber, R., D. P. Farrington, M. Stouthamer‐Loeber, and W. B. Van Kammen. 1998. Antisocial Behavior and Mental Health Problems: Explanatory Factors in Childhood and Adolescence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Marshall, J. M., III. 2002. The Lakota Way: Stories and Lessons for Living. Penguin.
Maurizi, L. K., E. T. Gershoff, and J. L. Aber. 2012. “Item‐Level Discordance in Parent and Adolescent Reports of Parenting Behavior and Its Implications for Adolescents' Mental Health and Relationships With Their Parents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41: 1035–1052.
McKinley, C. E., and J. Lilly. 2022. ““It's in the Family Circle”: Communication Promoting Indigenous Family Resilience.” Family Relations 71: 108–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12600.
Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 1998–2017. Mplus User's Guide, Eighth Edition. Muthén & Muthén.
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Nair, R. L., R. White, G. P. Knight, and M. W. Roosa. 2009. “Cross‐Language Measurement Equivalence of Parenting Measures for Use With Mexican American Populations.” Journal of Family Psychology 23: 680–689.
Newman, S. D., J. O. Andrews, G. S. Magwood, C. Jenkins, M. J. Cox, and D. C. Williamson. 2011. “Community Advisory Boards in Community‐Based Participatory Research: A Synthesis of Best Processes.” Preventing Chronic Disease 8: 1–12.
Oetting, E. R., and F. Beauvais. 1990. “Orthogonal Cultural Identification Theory: The Cultural Identification of Minority Adolescents.” International Journal of Addiction 25: 655–685.
Olson, D. H., J. Portner, and R. Q. Bell. 1982. FACES II: Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. Family Social Science, University of Minnesota.
Patterson‐Silver Wolf (Adelv unegv Waya), D. A., J. W. Welte, G. M. Barnes, M. O. Tidwell, and P. Spicer. 2015. “Sociocultural Influences on Gambling and Alcohol Use Among Native Americans in the United States.” Journal of Gambling Studies 31: 1387–1404.
Rosenblum, K. L., M. Muzik, D. M. Morelen, et al. 2017. “A Community‐Based Randomized Controlled Trial of Mom Power Parenting Intervention for Mothers With Interpersonal Trauma Histories and Their Young Children.” Archives of Women's Mental Health 20: 673–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737‐017‐0734‐9.
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Small, S. A., and T. Luster. 1994. “Adolescent Sexual Activity: An Ecological, Risk‐Factor Approach.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 56: 181–192. https://doi.org/10.2307/352712.
Small‐Rodriguez, D., and R. Akee. 2021. “Identifying Disparities in Health Outcomes and Morality for American Indian and Alaska Native Populations Using Tribally Disaggregated Vital Statistics and Health Survey Data.” American Journal of Public Health 111, no. S2: S126–S132.
Spoth, R., C. Redmond, W. A. Mason, L. Schainker, and L. Borduin. 2015. “Research on the Strengthening Families Program for Parents and Youth Ages 1014: Long‐Term Effects, Mechanisms, Translation to Public Health, PROSPOER Partnership Scale Up.” In Handbook of Adolescent Drug Use Prevention: Research, Intervention Strategies, and Practice, edited by L. M. Scheier, 267–292. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14550‐016.
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Ayers, S. L., S. Kulis, and M. Tsethlikai. 2017. “Assessing Parenting and Family Functioning Measures for Urban American Indians.” Journal of Community Psychology 45: 230–249.
Ayoub, M. 2022. “Colonial Adversity and Decolonial Wisdom: Radical Resurgence With Indigenous Youth.” Post‐Traumatic Growth to Psychological Well‐Being 30: 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21844.
Banyard, V., K. M. Edwards, L. Jones, and K. Mitchell. 2020. “Poly‐Strengths and Peer Violence Perpetration: What Strengths Can Add to Risk Factor Analyses.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49: 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964‐020‐01197‐y.
Bowen, N. K. 2021. “Requesting and Using Modification Indices in Mplus.” https://u.osu.edu/nkbowen/nkbowen/structural‐equation‐modeling‐and‐mplus/.
Brook, J., T. P. McDonald, and Y. Yan. 2012. “An Analysis of the Impact of the Strengthening Families Program on Family Reunification in Child Welfare.” Children and Youth Services Review 34: 691–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.12.018.
Carron, R. 2020. “Health Disparities in American Indians/Alaska Natives: Implications for Nurse Practitioners.” Nurse Practitioner 45: 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NPR.0000666188.79797.a7.
Coatsworth, J. D., L. G. Duncan, R. L. Nix, et al. 2015. “Integrating Mindfulness With Parent Training: Effects of the Mindfulness‐Enhanced Strengthening Families Program.” Developmental Psychology 51: 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038212.
Cohen, J. 1992. “Quantitative Methods in Psychology: A Power Primer.” Psychological Bulletin 112: 1155–1159.
Cortina, J. M. 1993. “What Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications.” Journal of Applied Psychology 78: 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021‐9010.78.1.98.
Crespo, C., P. E. Jose, M. Kielpikowski, and J. Pryor. 2013. ““On Solid Ground”: Family and School Connectedness Promotes Adolescents' Future Orientation.” Journal of Adolescence 36: 993–1002.
De Los Reyes, A., K. L. Goodman, W. Kliewer, and K. Reid‐Quinones. 2010. “The Longitudinal Consistency of Mother–Child Reporting Discrepancies of Parental Monitoring and Their Ability to Predict Child Delinquent Behaviors Two Years Later.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39: 1417–1430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964‐009‐9496‐7.
Deng, S., V. Lopez, M. W. Roosa, et al. 2006. “Family Processes Mediating the Relationship of Neighborhood Disadvantage to Early Adolescent Internalizing Problems.” Journal of Early Adolescence 26: 206–231.
Dumka, L. E., N. A. Gonzales, D. D. Bonds, and R. E. Millsap. 2009. “Academic Success of Mexican Origin Adolescent Boys and Girls: The Role of Mothers' and Fathers' Parenting and Cultural Orientation.” Sex Roles 60: 588–599.
Education Development Center. 2018. Measuring Cultural Factors Associated With Substance Misuse and Mental Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies.
Edwards, K. M., L. Siller, L. A. Wheeler, et al. 2021. “Effectiveness of a Sexual Assault Self‐Defense Program for American Indian Girls.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37: NP13245–NP13267.
Edwards, K. M., E. A. Waterman, L. Wheeler, et al. 2024. “Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences in a Sample of Largely Indigenous Children.” Pediatrics Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023‐065412.
Ehrlich, K. B., J. Cassidy, and M. J. Dykas. 2011. “Reporter Discrepancies Among Parents, Adolescents, and Peers: Adolescent Attachment and Informant Depressive Symptoms as Explanatory Factors.” Child Development 82: 999–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐8624.2010.01530.x.
Figueroa Huencho, V., C. L. Fernández, M. M. Hizaut, and J. R. Sanhueza. 2020. “Implementation Challenges in Public Policies Towards Indigenous Peoples: The Impact of Health Policies in Urban Contexts.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 41: 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2020.1779201.
Germán, M., N. A. Gonzales, S. G. West, and L. A. Wheeler. 2017. “An Experimental Test of the Bridges to High School Intervention on Harsh Parenting and Early Age Intercourse Among Mexican American Adolescents.” Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 23: 362–372.
Gonzales, N. A., L. E. Dumka, R. E. Millsap, et al. 2012. “Randomized Trial of a Broad Preventive Intervention for Mexican American Adolescents.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80: 1–16.
Gunzler, D. D., and N. Morris. 2015. “A Tutorial on Structural Equation Modeling for Analysis of Overlapping Symptoms in Co‐Occurring Conditions Using MPlus.” Statistics in Medicine 34: 3246–3280. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6541.
Hamby, S., E. Taylor, A. Smith, and Z. Blount. 2018. Resilience Portfolio Questionnaire Manual: Scales for Youth. Life Paths Research Center.
Haroz, E. E., J. D. Ivanich, A. Barlow, et al. 2022. “Balancing Cultural Specificity and Generalizability: Brief Qualitative Methods for Selecting, Adapting, and Developing Measures for Research With American Indian Communities.” Psychological Assessment 34: 311–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001092.
Hawk Wing, P. 2022. Personal Communication, Lakota Elder and Spiritual Leader (Traditional Knowledge Keeper).
Hou, Y., A. D. Benner, S. Y. Kim, et al. 2019. “Discordance in Parents; and Adolescents' Reports of Parenting: A Meta‐Analysis and Qualitative Review.” American Psychologist 75: 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000463.
Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6: 1–55.
Institute of Medicine. 2013. Leveraging Culture to Address Health Inequalities: Examples From Native Communities: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press.
Iron Cloud Two Dogs, E. 2022. Personal Communication, Lakota Elder and Spiritual Leader (Traditional Knowledge Keeper).
Ivanich, J., A. C. Mousseau, M. Walls, L. Whitbeck, and N. R. Whitesell. 2020. “Pathways of Adaptation: Two Case Studies With One Evidence‐Based Substance Use Prevention Program Tailored for Indigenous Youth.” Prevention Science 21, no. S1: 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121‐018‐0914‐5.
Kaufman, E. A., M. Xia, G. Fosco, M. Yaptangco, C. R. Skidmore, and S. E. Crowell. 2016. “The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS‐SF): Validation and Replication in Adolescent and Adult Samples.” Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 38: 443–455.
Kerr, M. E., and M. Bowen. 1988. Family Evaluation: An Approach Based on Bowen Theory. W.W. Norton & Co.
Knight, G. P., M. W. Roosa, and A. J. Umaña‐Taylor. 2009. “Studying Ethnic Minority and Economically Disadvantaged Populations: Methodological Challenges and Best Practices.” American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11887‐000.
Korelitz, K. E., and J. Garber. 2016. “Congruence of Parents' and Children's Perceptions of Parenting: A Meta‐Analysis.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 45: 1973–1995.
Kulis, S. S., S. L. Ayers, M. L. Harthun, and J. Jager. 2016. “Parenting in 2 Worlds: Effects of a Culturally Adapted Intervention for Urban American Indians on Parenting Skills and Family Functioning.” Prevention Science 17: 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121‐016‐0657‐0.
Kumpfer, K. L., R. Alvarado, P. Smith, and N. Bellamy. 2002. “Cultural Sensitivity and Adaptation in Family‐Based Prevention Interventions.” Prevention Science 3, no. 3: 241–246.
Loeber, R., D. P. Farrington, M. Stouthamer‐Loeber, and W. B. Van Kammen. 1998. Antisocial Behavior and Mental Health Problems: Explanatory Factors in Childhood and Adolescence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Marshall, J. M., III. 2002. The Lakota Way: Stories and Lessons for Living. Penguin.
Maurizi, L. K., E. T. Gershoff, and J. L. Aber. 2012. “Item‐Level Discordance in Parent and Adolescent Reports of Parenting Behavior and Its Implications for Adolescents' Mental Health and Relationships With Their Parents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41: 1035–1052.
McKinley, C. E., and J. Lilly. 2022. ““It's in the Family Circle”: Communication Promoting Indigenous Family Resilience.” Family Relations 71: 108–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12600.
Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 1998–2017. Mplus User's Guide, Eighth Edition. Muthén & Muthén.
Myhra, L. L., and E. Wieling. 2014. “Psychological Trauma Among American Indian Families: A Two‐Generation Study.” Journal of Loss and Trauma 19: 289–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2013.771561.
Nair, R. L., R. White, G. P. Knight, and M. W. Roosa. 2009. “Cross‐Language Measurement Equivalence of Parenting Measures for Use With Mexican American Populations.” Journal of Family Psychology 23: 680–689.
Newman, S. D., J. O. Andrews, G. S. Magwood, C. Jenkins, M. J. Cox, and D. C. Williamson. 2011. “Community Advisory Boards in Community‐Based Participatory Research: A Synthesis of Best Processes.” Preventing Chronic Disease 8: 1–12.
Oetting, E. R., and F. Beauvais. 1990. “Orthogonal Cultural Identification Theory: The Cultural Identification of Minority Adolescents.” International Journal of Addiction 25: 655–685.
Olson, D. H., J. Portner, and R. Q. Bell. 1982. FACES II: Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. Family Social Science, University of Minnesota.
Patterson‐Silver Wolf (Adelv unegv Waya), D. A., J. W. Welte, G. M. Barnes, M. O. Tidwell, and P. Spicer. 2015. “Sociocultural Influences on Gambling and Alcohol Use Among Native Americans in the United States.” Journal of Gambling Studies 31: 1387–1404.
Rosenblum, K. L., M. Muzik, D. M. Morelen, et al. 2017. “A Community‐Based Randomized Controlled Trial of Mom Power Parenting Intervention for Mothers With Interpersonal Trauma Histories and Their Young Children.” Archives of Women's Mental Health 20: 673–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737‐017‐0734‐9.
Schaefer, E. S. 1965. “Children's Reports of Parental Behavior: An Inventory.” Child Development 36: 413–424. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126465.
Small, S. A., and D. Kerns. 1993. “Unwanted Sexual Activity Among Peers During Early and Middle Adolescence: Incidence and Risk Factors.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 55: 941–952. https://doi.org/10.2307/352774.
Small, S. A., and T. Luster. 1994. “Adolescent Sexual Activity: An Ecological, Risk‐Factor Approach.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 56: 181–192. https://doi.org/10.2307/352712.
Small‐Rodriguez, D., and R. Akee. 2021. “Identifying Disparities in Health Outcomes and Morality for American Indian and Alaska Native Populations Using Tribally Disaggregated Vital Statistics and Health Survey Data.” American Journal of Public Health 111, no. S2: S126–S132.
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Grant Information:
51437 United States CC CDC HHS
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: Native American; family; indigenous; measurement; parenting
Molecular Sequence:
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05129501
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20260205 Date Completed: 20260205 Latest Revision: 20260205
Update Code:
20260206
DOI:
10.1111/famp.70118
PMID:
41641935
Database:
MEDLINE
*Further Information*
*To rigorously evaluate family-based prevention programs, there is need for culturally appropriate, valid, and reliable evaluation measures; few have been validated for use with Indigenous children and families. Our first aim was to adapt family and individual functioning measures for use with Indigenous families to evaluate family-based prevention programming. Our second aim was to examine the factor structure of the adapted measures. Our third aim was to examine the congruence between child and caregiver reports on family-level measures. Indigenous children aged 10-14 (N = 177; 44.07% girls) and their Indigenous caregivers (N = 119; 89.92% women; average age = 40.34 years) responded to a baseline survey comprised of measures adapted for the current study: cultural connection, emotion regulation, future orientation, harsh parenting, parental monitoring, positive reinforcement, family cohesion, and parent-child communication. An exploratory factor analysis for cultural connection found two-factor solutions for both children and caregivers; however, the factors were not identical. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated satisfactory model fit for emotion regulation, future orientation, harsh parenting, parental monitoring, and positive reinforcement. Confirmatory factor analyses did not indicate satisfactory model fit for family cohesion and parent-child communication; we recommend further research on measures for these constructs. Given the high potential for family-based programs to impact a number of outcomes for Indigenous children and families, validation of measurement tools to assess these outcomes is critical. Trial Registration: This study was pre-registered at Clinical Trials; see https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05129501?term=katie+edwards&draw=2&rank=5.
(© 2026 Family Process Institute.)*