• Genetic divergence and lower f...

*Result*: Genetic divergence and lower frequencies of insecticide resistance markers in the novel Anopheles gambiae Bissau molecular form in The Gambia.

Title:
Genetic divergence and lower frequencies of insecticide resistance markers in the novel Anopheles gambiae Bissau molecular form in The Gambia.
Authors:
Abdoulaye S; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., Milugo TK; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., Oriero E; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., Hamid-Adiamoh M; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., Jawara M; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., Ndiath MO; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., Clarkson CS; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, GB, UK., Miles A; Ellison Institute of Technology, Oxford, GB, UK., Mohammed NI; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., Erhart A; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., D'Alessandro U; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia., Assogba BS; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia. Sessinou-Benoit.Assogba@lshtm.ac.uk., Amambua-Ngwa A; Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia. Alfred.Ngwa@lshtm.ac.uk.; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK. Alfred.Ngwa@lshtm.ac.uk.
Source:
Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2026 Jan 23; Vol. 16 (1), pp. 5540. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jan 23.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2011-
MeSH Terms:
Anopheles*/genetics , Anopheles*/drug effects , Anopheles*/classification , Insecticide Resistance*/genetics , Genetic Variation*, Insecticides/pharmacology ; Animals ; Gambia ; Phylogeny ; Mutation ; Genetic Markers
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Grant Information:
H3A/18/002 The H3Africa Pan African Malaria Genomic Epidemiology Network (PAMGEN); NIHR134717 National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) award
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: An. gambiae complex; Allele frequency; Bissau molecular form; Genetic diversity; Metabolic resistance; Population structure; Resistance mechanism; Target site
Substance Nomenclature:
0 (Insecticides)
0 (Genetic Markers)
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20260123 Date Completed: 20260209 Latest Revision: 20260212
Update Code:
20260212
PubMed Central ID:
PMC12887005
DOI:
10.1038/s41598-026-35295-x
PMID:
41577876
Database:
MEDLINE

*Further Information*

*The members of Anopheles gambiae species complex are ubiquitous in Afro-tropics. They have been exposed continuously to insecticides, contributing to evolution of resistance within the complex. This study used whole genome sequence data from phase 3 of the An. gambiae 1000 Genomes Project to investigate the population structure and resistance mechanisms of a newly identified species, An. gambiae Bissau molecular form (Bissau) in The Gambia. Bissau exhibited subtle divergence from sister taxa An. coluzzii (Fixation index (F<subscript>ST</subscript>) of 0.013) and An. gambiae s.s. (F<subscript>ST</subscript> of 0.023), suggesting ongoing geneflow among them. It also displayed a low but evident level of sub-clustering correlating with geographical location, contrary to sister taxa whose populations were not spatially structured. Additionally, Bissau displayed a higher number of substitutions, though at very low frequencies, in target site regions (specifically Vgsc and Ace-1) of the genome compared to its sister taxa. The well-established Vgsc-L995F mutation, normally associated with dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroid resistance, was detected in all taxa. Also present, but at a lower frequency (< 20%) was N1570Y allele, normally associated with increased level of pyrethroid resistance when it co-occurs with L995F. Additionally, variants T791M and A1746S were found to occur alongside L995F in Bissau population at an elevated linkage disequilibrium (LD r<sup>2</sup> = 0.7). These findings accentuate the critical role this novel species could play on the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in The Gambia.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)*

*Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.*