• Development and Characteristic...

*Result*: Development and Characteristics of a Dual-Layered Vascular Phantom.

Title:
Development and Characteristics of a Dual-Layered Vascular Phantom.
Authors:
Elmer KM; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA., Caffin C; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA., Scott B; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA., Stephens SE; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA., Jensen MO; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. mojensen@uark.edu.; Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. mojensen@uark.edu.
Source:
Cardiovascular engineering and technology [Cardiovasc Eng Technol] 2026 Feb; Vol. 17 (1), pp. 25-40. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 10.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101531846 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1869-4098 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1869408X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cardiovasc Eng Technol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: New York, NY : Springer
MeSH Terms:
Phantoms, Imaging* , Printing, Three-Dimensional* , Models, Cardiovascular*, Humans ; Tensile Strength ; Elastic Modulus ; Materials Testing ; Reproducibility of Results ; X-Ray Microtomography
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Grant Information:
24AIREA1241655 American Heart Association; HT9425-24-1-0189 (PR231853) Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs; Arkansas Research Alliance Arkansas Research Alliance
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: 3D printing; Gels; Multi-layer phantoms; Phantoms; Resin printing; Tissue mimics; Vat photopolymerization
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20251110 Date Completed: 20260211 Latest Revision: 20260214
Update Code:
20260214
PubMed Central ID:
PMC12894153
DOI:
10.1007/s13239-025-00810-0
PMID:
41214387
Database:
MEDLINE

*Further Information*

*Purpose: Cardiovascular phantoms are used in biomedical research and development applications, allowing for complex geometries to be studied in a controlled environment. The various layers of human tissue have been difficult to mimic in these phantoms. In this study, a novel dual-layer cardiovascular phantom is created.
Methods: The interior lumen is 3D printed using an elastic vat-photopolymerization resin and cast within an industry standard tissue-mimicking ballistics gel. Strips of the 3D-printed resin were prepared and tested to determine Young's modulus, Ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at break.
Results: The final phantoms were reproducible, semi-transparent, and suitable for microCT scanning. Additionally, the 3D-printed elastic materials had: Young's Modulus of 12 +/- 3.2 MPa, UTS of 1.27 +/- 0.44 MPa, and elongation at break of 29 +/- 9%. These results are within the physiological ranges of human tissues. There was a moderate correlation between the thickness of the sample and stiffness, which may be important depending on the application of the models.
Conclusion: The methods for producing a dual-layered phantom are reproducible and appropriate for a variety of biomedical applications.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)*

*Declarations. Ethical Approval: No human subjects were used in this study. Consent To Participate: No human subjects were used in this study. Consent To Publish: No human subjects were used in this study. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report.*