• A smart pen prototype with ada...

*Result*: A smart pen prototype with adaptive algorithms for stabilizing handwriting tremor signals in Parkinson's disease.

Title:
A smart pen prototype with adaptive algorithms for stabilizing handwriting tremor signals in Parkinson's disease.
Authors:
Tironi JC; Polytechnic School, University of Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, 88302-901, SC, Brazil.; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (PPGEB), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, 80230-901, PR, Brazil., Fernandes A; Polytechnic School, University of Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, 88302-901, SC, Brazil., Borges RC; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (PPGEB), Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, 80230-901, PR, Brazil., Silva LA; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37008, Spain. luisaugustos@usal.es., Parreira WD; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, 13087-571, SP, Brazil. wemerson@puc-campinas.edu.br.
Source:
Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2025 Aug 06; Vol. 15 (1), pp. 28659. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 06.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2011-
MeSH Terms:
Parkinson Disease*/physiopathology , Tremor*/physiopathology , Tremor*/diagnosis , Algorithms* , Handwriting*, Humans ; Accelerometry ; Adaptive Algorithms
References:
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Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2023 Aug 18;10(10):1496-1506. (PMID: 37868914)
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Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2019 Jul;2019:607-610. (PMID: 31945971)
Front Neurol. 2021 Aug 09;12:700600. (PMID: 34434161)
IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2024;32:3289-3298. (PMID: 39222447)
Lancet. 2024 Jan 20;403(10423):305-324. (PMID: 38245250)
Neuromodulation. 2019 Jul;22(5):537-545. (PMID: 30701655)
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: Adaptive control; Kalman Filters; Parkinson’s disease; Pen prototype; Tremor mitigation
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20250805 Date Completed: 20250805 Latest Revision: 20250808
Update Code:
20260130
PubMed Central ID:
PMC12325923
DOI:
10.1038/s41598-025-14196-5
PMID:
40764408
Database:
MEDLINE

*Further Information*

*This study presents a smart pen prototype designed to dynamically mitigate hand tremors, thereby enhancing writing quality and user comfort for individuals with conditions such as Parkinson's disease. The device employs an accelerometer for real-time tremor detection, a microcontroller for rapid data processing, and a vibration motor to counteract tremor effects. Adaptive algorithms-including Fx-LMS, Fx-NLMS, a combined Fx-LMS/NLMS approach, RLS, and the Kalman Filter-were evaluated using signals from the NewHandPD dataset. Simulation results revealed that although the RLS algorithm achieved the lowest mean square error, the Kalman Filter converged approximately eight times faster, a finding that was confirmed through microcontroller tests and further validated on an orbital shaking table under constant and variable tremor conditions. These outcomes underscore the potential of the Kalman Filter as a non-invasive, adaptive solution for real-time tremor mitigation in assistive writing devices. Future improvements may include integrating additional sensors and further optimizing microcontroller performance to enhance overall adaptability and accuracy.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)*

*Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.*