*Result*: A cluster randomised controlled trial of an early childhood parenting programme delivered through early childhood education centres in rural Zimbabwe.
Title:
A cluster randomised controlled trial of an early childhood parenting programme delivered through early childhood education centres in rural Zimbabwe.
Authors:
Smith JA; Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica., Powell CA; Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica., Chang SM; Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica., Ganga E; Robert Mugabe School of Education and Culture, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe., Tanyanyiwa H; JF Kapnek Trust, Harare, Zimbabwe., Walker SP; Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
Source:
Child: care, health and development [Child Care Health Dev] 2024 Jan; Vol. 50 (1), pp. e13189. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Oct 26.
Publication Type:
Randomized Controlled Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7602632 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2214 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03051862 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Child Care Health Dev Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
MeSH Terms:
Parenting* , Child Development*, Child ; Female ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Zimbabwe ; Mothers/education
References:
Andrew, A., Attanasio, O., Augsburg, B., Day, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Meghir, C., Mehrin, F., Pahwa, S., & Rubio-Codina, M. (2020). Effects of a scalable home-visiting intervention on child development in slums of urban India: Evidence from a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(6), 644-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13171.
ARICD AfRiIaCD. (2006). Griffiths mental development scales - Extended revised (GMDS-ER). HOGREFE- The Test Agency.
Attanasio, O. P., Fernandez, C., Fitzsimons, E. O., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Meghir, C., & Rubio-Codina, M. (2014). Using the infrastructure of a conditional cash transfer program to deliver a scalable integrated early child development program in Colombia: Cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ, 349, g5785. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g5785.
Bailey, D., Duncan, G. J., Odgers, C. L., & Yu, W. (2017). Persistence and fadeout in the impacts of child and adolescent interventions. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 10(1), 7-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2016.1232459.
Baker-Henningham, H., Powell, C., Walker, S., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2005). The effect of early stimulation on maternal depression: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(12), 1230-1234. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.073015.
Betancourt, T. S., Jensen, S. K., Barnhart, D. A., Brennan, R. T., Murray, S. M., Yousafzai, A. K., Farrar, J., Godfroid, K., Bazubagira, S. M., Rawlings, L. B., Wilson, B., Sezibera, V., & Kamurase, A. (2020). Promoting parent-child relationships and preventing violence via home-visiting: A pre-post cluster randomised trial among Rwandan families linked to social protection programmes. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08693-7.
Bick, J., Nelson, C. A., & Scott, R. (2015). Early adverse experiences: What does the latest brain research tell us? A good start: Advances in early childhood development. Early Childhood Matters, 124, 10-13.
Black, M. M., Perez-Escamilla, R., & Rao, S. F. (2015). Integrating nutrition and child development interventions: Scientific basis, evidence of impact, and implementation considerations. Advances in Nutrition, 6(6), 852-859. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010348.
Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., McCoy, D., Fink, G., Shawar, Y. R., Shiffman, J., Devercelli, A. E., Wodon, Q. T., Vargas-Barón, E., Grantham-McGregor, S., & Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course. Lancet, 389(10064), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7.
Bos, K. J., Fox, N., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson Iii, C. A. (2009). Effects of early psychosocial deprivation on the development of memory and executive function. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.08.016.2009.
Caldwell, B. M., & Bradley, R. H. (2003). HOME (Home observation and measurement of the environment) inventory administration manual. University of Arkansas.
Chambers, C. M., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (1986). Patterns of mental development among young, middle-class Jamaican children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 27(1), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00627.x.
Chang, S. M., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Powell, C. A., Vera-Hernández, M., Lopez-Boo, F., Baker-Henningham, H., & Walker, S. P. (2015). Integrating a parenting intervention with routine primary health care: A cluster randomized trial. Pediatrics, 136(2), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0119.
Clark, H., Coll-Seck, A. M., Banerjee, A., Peterson, S., Dalglish, S. L., Ameratunga, S., Balabanova, D., Bhan, M. K., Bhutta, Z. A., Borrazzo, J., Claeson, M., Doherty, T., el-Jardali, F., George, A. S., Gichaga, A., Gram, L., Hipgrave, D. B., Kwamie, A., Meng, Q., … Costello, A. (2020). A future for the world's children? A WHO-UNICEF-Lancet Commission. Lancet, 395(10224), 605-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32540-1.
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587.
Cooper, P. J., Tomlinson, M., Swartz, L., Landman, M., Molteno, C., Stein, A., McPherson, K., & Murray, L. (2009). Improving quality of mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in socioeconomically deprived community in South Africa: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 338, b974. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b974.
Grantham-McGregor, S., Powell, C., Walker, S., Chang, S., & Fletcher, P. (1994;(2 Spec No). The long-term follow-up of severely malnourished children who participated in an intervention program. Child Development, 65, 428-439. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131394.
Grantham-McGregor, S., & Smith, J. A. (2016). Extending the Jamaican early childhood development intervention. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 7(2), 4.
Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Fernald, L., Kagawa, R., & Walker, S. (2014). Effects of integrated child development and nutrition interventions on child development and nutritional status. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1308(1), 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12284.
Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Powell, C. A., Walker, S. P., & Himes, J. H. (1991). Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: The Jamaican study. Lancet, 338(8758), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90001-6.
Hamadani, J. D., Huda, S. N., Khatun, F., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (2006). Psychosocial stimulation improves the development of undernourished children in rural Bangladesh. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(10), 2645-2652. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.10.2645.
Hamadani, J. D., Mehrin, S. F., Tofail, F., Hasan, M. I., Huda, S. N., Baker-Henningham, H., Ridout, D., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2019). Integrating an early childhood development programme into Bangladeshi primary health-care services: An open-label, cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Global Health, 7(3), e366-e375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30535-7.
Hurley, K. M., Yousafzai, A. K., & Lopez-Boo, F. (2016). Early child development and nutrition: A review of the benefits and challenges of implementing integrated interventions. Advances in Nutrition, 7(2), 357-363. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010363.
Jensen, S. K., Placencio-Castro, M., Murray, S. M., Brennan, R. T., Goshev, S., Farrar, J., Yousafzai, A., Rawlings, L. B., Wilson, B., Habyarimana, E., Sezibera, V., & Betancourt, T. S. (2021). Effect of a home-visiting parenting program to promote early childhood development and prevent violence: A cluster-randomized trial in Rwanda. BMJ Global Health, 6(1), e003508. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003508.
Jeong, J., Franchett, E. E., Ramos de Oliveira, C. V., Rehmani, K., & Yousafzai, A. K. (2021). Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 18(5), e1003602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003602.
Jervis, P., Coore-Hall, J., Pitchik, H. O., Arnold, C. D., Grantham-McGregor, S., Rubio-Codina, M., Baker-Henningham, H., Fernald, L. C. H., Hamadani, J., Smith, J. A., Trias, J., & Walker, S. P. (2023). The reach up parenting program, child development, and maternal depression: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 151(Supplement 2), S59. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-060221D.
Luoto, J. E., Lopez Garcia, I., Aboud, F. E., Singla, D. R., Fernald, L. C. H., Pitchik, H. O., Saya, U. Y., Otieno, R., & Alu, E. (2021). Group-based parenting interventions to promote child development in rural Kenya: A multi-arm, cluster-randomised community effectiveness trial. The Lancet Global Health, 9(3), e309-e319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30469-1.
Meghir, C., Attanasio, O., Jervis, P., Day, M., Makkar, P., Behrman, J., Gupta, P., Pal, R., Phimister, A., Vernekar, N., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2023). Early stimulation and enhanced preschool: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 151(Supplement 2), S112. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-060221H.
Morris, J., Jones, L., Berrino, A., Jordans, M. J., Okema, L., & Crow, C. (2012). Does combining infant stimulation with emergency feeding improve psychosocial outcomes for displaced mothers and babies? A controlled evaluation from northern Uganda. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(3), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01168.x.
Muhoozi, G. K., Atukunda, P., Diep, L. M., Mwadime, R., Kaaya, A. N., Skaare, A. B., Willumsen, T., Westerberg, A. C., & Iversen, P. O. (2018). Nutrition, hygiene, and stimulation education to improve growth, cognitive, language, and motor development among infants in Uganda: A cluster-randomized trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(2), e12527. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12527.
Nahar, B., Hossain, I., Hamadani, J., Ahmed, T., Grantham-McGregor, S., & Persson, L. A. (2015). Effect of a food supplementation and psychosocial stimulation trial for severely malnourished children on the level of maternal depressive symptoms in B angladesh. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(3), 483-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12176.
Okeng'o, L. (2014). Early childhood development in Zimbabwe. A country paper presented to the Open Society Institute. (unpublished report).
Powell, C., Baker-Henningham, H., Walker, S., Gernay, J., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2004). Feasibility of integrating early stimulation into primary care for undernourished Jamaican children: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 329(7457), 89. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38132.503472.7C.
Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychology Measurements, 1(3), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.
Rahman, A., Iqbal, Z., Roberts, C., & Husain, N. (2009). Cluster randomized trial of a parent-based intervention to support early development of children in a low-income country. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00897.x.
Sibanda, P. (2018). Situation analysis of the early childhood development (ECD) programme in rural primary schools in Zimbabwe. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 751-761. https://doi.org/10.14196/sjpas.v7i3.2522.
Singla, D. R., Kumbakumba, E., & Aboud, F. E. (2015). Effects of a parenting intervention to address maternal psychological wellbeing and child development and growth in rural Uganda: A community-based, cluster randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health, 3(8), e458-e469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00099-6.
Smith, J. A., Baker-Henningham, H., Brentani, A., Mugweni, R., & Walker, S. P. (2018). Implementation of reach up early childhood parenting program: Acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility in Brazil and Zimbabwe. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, 1419(1), 120-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13678.
UNICEF. (2006). Evaluation of the national early childhood development programme. Ministry of Education.
Vasiliki, T., & Sylva, K. (2004). The home observation for the measurement of the environment-revisited. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-357X.2003.00073.x.
Walker, S. P., Chang, S. M., Powell, C. A., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (2004). Psychosocial intervention improves the development of term low-birth-weight infants. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(6), 1417-1423. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.6.1417.
Walker, S. P., Chang, S. M., Smith, J. A., Baker-Henningham, H., & team atRU. (2018). The reach up early childhood parenting program: Origins, content and implementation. Zero to Three Journal, 38, 37-43.
WHO. (2020). Country profiles for early childhood development - Zimbabwe. World Health Organization.
WHO, UNICEF UNCF, & Group WB. (2018). The Nurturing Care Framwork for Early Childhood Development: A framework for helping children survive and thrive to transform health and human potential.
Woolridge, J. (2007). Inverse probability weighted estimation for general missing data problems. Journal of Econometrics, 141(2), 1281-1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.02.002.
Yousafzai, A. K., Rasheed, M. A., Rizvi, A., Armstrong, R., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2014). Effect of integrated responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in the lady health worker programme in Pakistan on child development, growth, and health outcomes: A cluster-randomised factorial effectiveness trial. Lancet, 384(9950), 1282-1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60455-4.
ARICD AfRiIaCD. (2006). Griffiths mental development scales - Extended revised (GMDS-ER). HOGREFE- The Test Agency.
Attanasio, O. P., Fernandez, C., Fitzsimons, E. O., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Meghir, C., & Rubio-Codina, M. (2014). Using the infrastructure of a conditional cash transfer program to deliver a scalable integrated early child development program in Colombia: Cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ, 349, g5785. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g5785.
Bailey, D., Duncan, G. J., Odgers, C. L., & Yu, W. (2017). Persistence and fadeout in the impacts of child and adolescent interventions. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 10(1), 7-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2016.1232459.
Baker-Henningham, H., Powell, C., Walker, S., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2005). The effect of early stimulation on maternal depression: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(12), 1230-1234. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.073015.
Betancourt, T. S., Jensen, S. K., Barnhart, D. A., Brennan, R. T., Murray, S. M., Yousafzai, A. K., Farrar, J., Godfroid, K., Bazubagira, S. M., Rawlings, L. B., Wilson, B., Sezibera, V., & Kamurase, A. (2020). Promoting parent-child relationships and preventing violence via home-visiting: A pre-post cluster randomised trial among Rwandan families linked to social protection programmes. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08693-7.
Bick, J., Nelson, C. A., & Scott, R. (2015). Early adverse experiences: What does the latest brain research tell us? A good start: Advances in early childhood development. Early Childhood Matters, 124, 10-13.
Black, M. M., Perez-Escamilla, R., & Rao, S. F. (2015). Integrating nutrition and child development interventions: Scientific basis, evidence of impact, and implementation considerations. Advances in Nutrition, 6(6), 852-859. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010348.
Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., McCoy, D., Fink, G., Shawar, Y. R., Shiffman, J., Devercelli, A. E., Wodon, Q. T., Vargas-Barón, E., Grantham-McGregor, S., & Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course. Lancet, 389(10064), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7.
Bos, K. J., Fox, N., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson Iii, C. A. (2009). Effects of early psychosocial deprivation on the development of memory and executive function. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.08.016.2009.
Caldwell, B. M., & Bradley, R. H. (2003). HOME (Home observation and measurement of the environment) inventory administration manual. University of Arkansas.
Chambers, C. M., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (1986). Patterns of mental development among young, middle-class Jamaican children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 27(1), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00627.x.
Chang, S. M., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Powell, C. A., Vera-Hernández, M., Lopez-Boo, F., Baker-Henningham, H., & Walker, S. P. (2015). Integrating a parenting intervention with routine primary health care: A cluster randomized trial. Pediatrics, 136(2), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0119.
Clark, H., Coll-Seck, A. M., Banerjee, A., Peterson, S., Dalglish, S. L., Ameratunga, S., Balabanova, D., Bhan, M. K., Bhutta, Z. A., Borrazzo, J., Claeson, M., Doherty, T., el-Jardali, F., George, A. S., Gichaga, A., Gram, L., Hipgrave, D. B., Kwamie, A., Meng, Q., … Costello, A. (2020). A future for the world's children? A WHO-UNICEF-Lancet Commission. Lancet, 395(10224), 605-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32540-1.
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587.
Cooper, P. J., Tomlinson, M., Swartz, L., Landman, M., Molteno, C., Stein, A., McPherson, K., & Murray, L. (2009). Improving quality of mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in socioeconomically deprived community in South Africa: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 338, b974. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b974.
Grantham-McGregor, S., Powell, C., Walker, S., Chang, S., & Fletcher, P. (1994;(2 Spec No). The long-term follow-up of severely malnourished children who participated in an intervention program. Child Development, 65, 428-439. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131394.
Grantham-McGregor, S., & Smith, J. A. (2016). Extending the Jamaican early childhood development intervention. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 7(2), 4.
Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Fernald, L., Kagawa, R., & Walker, S. (2014). Effects of integrated child development and nutrition interventions on child development and nutritional status. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1308(1), 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12284.
Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Powell, C. A., Walker, S. P., & Himes, J. H. (1991). Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: The Jamaican study. Lancet, 338(8758), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90001-6.
Hamadani, J. D., Huda, S. N., Khatun, F., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (2006). Psychosocial stimulation improves the development of undernourished children in rural Bangladesh. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(10), 2645-2652. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.10.2645.
Hamadani, J. D., Mehrin, S. F., Tofail, F., Hasan, M. I., Huda, S. N., Baker-Henningham, H., Ridout, D., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2019). Integrating an early childhood development programme into Bangladeshi primary health-care services: An open-label, cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Global Health, 7(3), e366-e375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30535-7.
Hurley, K. M., Yousafzai, A. K., & Lopez-Boo, F. (2016). Early child development and nutrition: A review of the benefits and challenges of implementing integrated interventions. Advances in Nutrition, 7(2), 357-363. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010363.
Jensen, S. K., Placencio-Castro, M., Murray, S. M., Brennan, R. T., Goshev, S., Farrar, J., Yousafzai, A., Rawlings, L. B., Wilson, B., Habyarimana, E., Sezibera, V., & Betancourt, T. S. (2021). Effect of a home-visiting parenting program to promote early childhood development and prevent violence: A cluster-randomized trial in Rwanda. BMJ Global Health, 6(1), e003508. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003508.
Jeong, J., Franchett, E. E., Ramos de Oliveira, C. V., Rehmani, K., & Yousafzai, A. K. (2021). Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 18(5), e1003602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003602.
Jervis, P., Coore-Hall, J., Pitchik, H. O., Arnold, C. D., Grantham-McGregor, S., Rubio-Codina, M., Baker-Henningham, H., Fernald, L. C. H., Hamadani, J., Smith, J. A., Trias, J., & Walker, S. P. (2023). The reach up parenting program, child development, and maternal depression: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 151(Supplement 2), S59. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-060221D.
Luoto, J. E., Lopez Garcia, I., Aboud, F. E., Singla, D. R., Fernald, L. C. H., Pitchik, H. O., Saya, U. Y., Otieno, R., & Alu, E. (2021). Group-based parenting interventions to promote child development in rural Kenya: A multi-arm, cluster-randomised community effectiveness trial. The Lancet Global Health, 9(3), e309-e319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30469-1.
Meghir, C., Attanasio, O., Jervis, P., Day, M., Makkar, P., Behrman, J., Gupta, P., Pal, R., Phimister, A., Vernekar, N., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2023). Early stimulation and enhanced preschool: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 151(Supplement 2), S112. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-060221H.
Morris, J., Jones, L., Berrino, A., Jordans, M. J., Okema, L., & Crow, C. (2012). Does combining infant stimulation with emergency feeding improve psychosocial outcomes for displaced mothers and babies? A controlled evaluation from northern Uganda. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(3), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01168.x.
Muhoozi, G. K., Atukunda, P., Diep, L. M., Mwadime, R., Kaaya, A. N., Skaare, A. B., Willumsen, T., Westerberg, A. C., & Iversen, P. O. (2018). Nutrition, hygiene, and stimulation education to improve growth, cognitive, language, and motor development among infants in Uganda: A cluster-randomized trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(2), e12527. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12527.
Nahar, B., Hossain, I., Hamadani, J., Ahmed, T., Grantham-McGregor, S., & Persson, L. A. (2015). Effect of a food supplementation and psychosocial stimulation trial for severely malnourished children on the level of maternal depressive symptoms in B angladesh. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(3), 483-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12176.
Okeng'o, L. (2014). Early childhood development in Zimbabwe. A country paper presented to the Open Society Institute. (unpublished report).
Powell, C., Baker-Henningham, H., Walker, S., Gernay, J., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2004). Feasibility of integrating early stimulation into primary care for undernourished Jamaican children: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 329(7457), 89. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38132.503472.7C.
Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychology Measurements, 1(3), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.
Rahman, A., Iqbal, Z., Roberts, C., & Husain, N. (2009). Cluster randomized trial of a parent-based intervention to support early development of children in a low-income country. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00897.x.
Sibanda, P. (2018). Situation analysis of the early childhood development (ECD) programme in rural primary schools in Zimbabwe. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 751-761. https://doi.org/10.14196/sjpas.v7i3.2522.
Singla, D. R., Kumbakumba, E., & Aboud, F. E. (2015). Effects of a parenting intervention to address maternal psychological wellbeing and child development and growth in rural Uganda: A community-based, cluster randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health, 3(8), e458-e469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00099-6.
Smith, J. A., Baker-Henningham, H., Brentani, A., Mugweni, R., & Walker, S. P. (2018). Implementation of reach up early childhood parenting program: Acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility in Brazil and Zimbabwe. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, 1419(1), 120-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13678.
UNICEF. (2006). Evaluation of the national early childhood development programme. Ministry of Education.
Vasiliki, T., & Sylva, K. (2004). The home observation for the measurement of the environment-revisited. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-357X.2003.00073.x.
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Grant Information:
Open Society Institute Budapest Foundation: Open Society Foundations; OR 2017-39 255 Open Society Foundation; OR 2015-25 281 Open Society Foundation
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: Reach Up; Zimbabwe; child development; cluster randomised trial; parenting programme
Molecular Sequence:
ISRCTN ISRCTN12021015
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20231026 Date Completed: 20240125 Latest Revision: 20240327
Update Code:
20260130
DOI:
10.1111/cch.13189
PMID:
37882173
Database:
MEDLINE
*Further Information*
*Background: Early childhood is a critical period for child development. Effective approaches to support families in low-resource settings in the use of responsive and stimulating parenting are needed.
Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the Reach Up early childhood parenting programme on children's development, parenting attitudes and practices, when delivered through early childhood development (ECD) centres in Zimbabwe.
Methods: A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in Sanyati, a rural district in Zimbabwe. Twenty-four of 51 available centres were randomised to intervention (n = 12) or control (n = 12) groups. Sixteen mothers with a child aged 12-30 months were recruited from each centre's catchment area (n = 189 intervention; n = 193 control). The intervention comprised two home visits per month delivered by centre teaching assistants over a period of 27 months. Primary outcomes were child Developmental Quotient (DQ), Language, Eye and Hand coordination, Performance and Practical Reasoning subscale scores assessed at follow-up. Secondary outcomes were mothers' attitudes about child development, parenting practices and maternal depressive symptoms all measured at baseline and follow-up. Intention to treat analyses was conducted using mixed-effects regression models with the standard error adjusted for cluster and inverse proportionality weights to adjust for attrition. Significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results: A total of 285 (74.6%) of 382 children enrolled were tested, with 97 children lost to follow-up. The intervention improved the children's DQ by 3.55 points (95% CI 0.82 to 6.28), Eye and Hand by 3.58 (95% CI 0.59 to 6.56) and Practical Reasoning by 4.19 (95% CI 0.96 to 7.42). No significant improvements to Performance or Language scores, parenting attitudes, parenting practices and depressive symptoms were identified.
Conclusions: A home visiting intervention delivered by ECD teaching assistants promoted children's development. This suggests that outreach from preschools may be an effective platform for delivery of parenting interventions.
(© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)*